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Title: Police reload at funeral, Duduza, 1985
Subject: Police shootings, Funeral service, Political violence, Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: Policemen reload their guns after firing at mourners during the funeral for the young activists killed in the "grenade incident" in Duduza township, Transvaal (now Gauteng), July 1985. Deaths followed funerals with sad predictability.
Identifier: islandora:910

Title: Student demonstration, Durban, 1985
Subject: Student protesters, Demonstrations, Police, Black, Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: Students taunts a black policeman during a demonstration following the assassination of United Democratic Front (UDF) leader, Victoria Mxenge. She was buried next to her husband, Griffiths Mxenge, also a victim of assassination several years earlier. Between 1978 and 1989, over 150 activists were assassinated, with no one found responsible for these murders.
Identifier: islandora:881

Title: Labour strike, Durban, 1985
Subject: Strikes and lockouts--Dairying, Strikes and lockouts, Sympathetic, Labor movement--History, Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: Dairy workers march in solidarity with bakery workers on strike over wages and dismissals. Workers' organisations have a long and important history in Durban, and the city was the birthplace of contemporary unionism in South Africa.
Identifier: islandora:868

Title: Riot police confront workers, Johannesburg, 1985
Subject: Police--Special weapons and tactics units, Labor union members, May Day (Labor holiday), Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: Riot police block the way of workers leaving a May Day meeting at Khotso House in Johannesburg, May 1985. Khotso House was owned by the South African Council for Churches (SACC) and was the headquarters for many progressive organisations, including the United Democratic Front (UDF). It was destroyed in a massive explosion in August 1988.
Identifier: islandora:911

Title: UDF leader arrested by security police, Johannesburg, 1985
Subject: Mohamed, Ismail, Civic leaders, Trials (Treason), Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: Professor Ismail Mohamed, a United Democratic Front (UDF) leader, reaches out to his daughter, Elaine, as he is arrested by South African security police. Mohamed was detained and charged with treason along with fifteen others in the Pietermaritzburg Treason Trial. Eventually all were exonerated.
Identifier: islandora:886

Title: Political vandalism, Duduza township, 1985
Subject: Political crimes and offenses, Youth--Political activity, Reprisals, Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: Youths burn the car of an alleged police informer in Duduza township following the deaths of four young activists who were killed by defective hand grenades given to them by a member of the security force posing as an African National Congress (ANC) freedom fighter.
Identifier: islandora:908

Title: Whip marks from vigilante attack, Welkom township, 1985
Subject: Vigilantes, Political violence, Youth--Wounds and injuries, Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: A Thabong youth shows the whip marks left by vigilantes in Welkom township, Orange Free State (now Free State Province). Gangs of vigilantes, very often supported by police, terrorised residents and anti-apartheid activists.
Identifier: islandora:893

Title: Death squad, Transvaal, South Africa, 1985
Subject: Police shootings, Police--Special weapons and tactics units, Death squads, Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: A Duduza township resident lies dead while members of a special police squad take a smoke break after an all night "clean-up". Photographs such as this led to government emergency regulations making it an offence to photograph police in an "unrest area or situation." Members of death squads usually wore woolen, hooded face covers, or masks, called "balaclavas", making it impossible to identify killers. In this photograph, the man with his back turned still has his balaclava down.
Identifier: islandora:854

Title: Lowering of coffins, Queenstown, 1985
Subject: Funeral service, Police shootings, Police shootings, Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: Coffins are lowered at the funeral of people killed in the "Queenstown massacre" when police opened fire after a meeting called to plan a consumer boycott, December 1985. The t-shirt of one of the mourners declares "Bullets won't stop us".
Identifier: islandora:901

Title: Woman protests army occupation, Soweto, 1985
Subject: Military occupation, Women--Political activity, Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: A lone woman protests against the presence of troops in Soweto. Women played a significant role against the army's occupation of the townships. In Chesterville, a township near Durban, women patrolled the streets nightly to protect families from security force and vigilante harassment.
Identifier: islandora:909

Title: Delmas trial, Delmas, 1985
Subject: Trials (Treason), Valli, Mohammed, Apartheid, Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: Mohammed Valli, Transvaal secretary of the United Democratic Front (UDF), and other spectators peer into the courtroom at the start of the Delmas treason trial. Twenty-two UDF and other activists were charged with furthering the aims of the African National Congress (ANC) and with conspiring to overthrow the government.
Identifier: islandora:912

Title: FEDTRAW protest, Gauteng, circa 1985
Subject: Woman political activists, Anti-apartheid activists, Demonstrations, Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: A woman from the Federation of Transvaal Women (FEDTRAW) carries a picket stating, "Freedom Justice and Peace NOW!" Popular protest was severely restricted, and members of FEDTRAW were charged with sedition and subversion, and held in detention without trial, as the government worked to immobilise and disrupt opposition to apartheid.
Identifier: islandora:915

Title: Police arrest student during protest, Durban, 1985
Subject: Arrest (Police methods), Police brutality, Student protesters, Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: Police, carrying sjamboks (traditionally, rhinocerous hide whips, but often made of flexible plastic), arrest a student after breaking up protests that followed the assassination of United Democratic Front (UDF) leader and human rights lawyer, Victoria Mxenge, in Durban.
Identifier: islandora:860

Title: Funeral of baby, Crossroads, 1985
Subject: Funeral service, Tear gas, Children--Death, Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: Crossroads residents bury six-month-old Amanda Fanisa, asphyxiated by tear gas fired during police action in Crossroads, Cape Town. The South African security forces used tear gas as a standard means of "crowd control". Tear gas can be lethal, and it is especially dangerous when inhaled by young children.
Identifier: islandora:895

Title: Armed vigilantes, Leandra township, circa 1985
Subject: Youth--Political activity, Vigilantes, Political violence, Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: A member of the Leandra Youth Congress, with arms extended and a stone in his hand, tries to ward off a heavily armed band of vigilantes. When younger urban residents came into conflict with older, traditional peoples, the government were able to exploit their differences for its own aims.
Identifier: islandora:882

Title: Funeral of massacre victims, Queenstown, 1985
Subject: Funeral service, Police shootings, Youth--Political activity, Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: Young mourners carrying symbolic AK-47 rifles stand over the coffins of Queenstown residents killed by police who opened fire on them as they were leaving the church in which they had met to discuss a consumer boycott. Fourteen people were murdered, including three fifteen-year-olds.
Identifier: islandora:907

Title: Woman protesting rural conditions, South Africa, circa 1985
Subject: Rural poor, Demonstrations, South Africa--Rural conditions, Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: A barefoot woman protests against living conditions in rural areas. Her banner reads "We starve in rural areas". Black people often went hungry in the remote "homelands" where they were forced to live, because they were unable to farm the poor, crowded land, and there were few jobs for them to earn sufficient income to feed, clothe, and house their families.
Identifier: islandora:876

Title: Mother holding bloodstained shirt, Tembisa township, Transvaal, 1985
Subject: Police shootings, Political violence, Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: A mother holds up the bloodstained shirt of her son, shot in the back by police. According to government statistics, 381 people were killed in "unrest" incidents between September 1984 and April 1985. The government's own statistics acknowledged that three quarters of these victims died as a direct result of police action.
Identifier: islandora:874

Title: Miners' compound, East Rand, circa 1985
Subject: Apartheid--South Africa--Johannesburg, Unskilled labor--South Africa--Johannesburg, Johannesburg (South Africa)--Social conditions, Miners--South Africa--Johannesburg, Migrant labor--Housing--South Africa--Johannesburg
Description: Miner lying on his bed in a compound, East Rand, circa 1985.
Identifier: islandora:1459

Title: UDF concert, Johannesburg, 1985
Subject: Musicians, Music--Political aspects, Politics and culture, Apartheid, Political history--South Africa, Beyond the Barricades
Description: UDF (United Democratic Front) concert celebrating the Freedom Charter, Johannesburg, 1985.
Identifier: islandora:865

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